The Creation of Construction Schedules in 4D BIM: A Comparison of Conventional and Automated Approaches

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is now a globally recognised phenomenon, though its adoption remains inconsistent and variable between within the construction sectors of different countries. BIM technology has enabled wide range functional applications, one which, ‘4D BIM’, involves linking tasks in project’s schedule to object-orientated 3D model improve logistical decision making delivery project. Ideally, this can be automatically generated but reality, not currently possible, process requires considerable manual effort. The level maturity expertise use amongst project participants still varies considerably; adding further obstacles ability derive full benefits from BIM. Reflecting these challenges, two case studies are presented paper. first describes predominantly approach that was used ameliorate implementation 4D on Paris. In fact, there scope for automating process: combination Artificial Intelligence (AI) could exploit newly-available data increasingly obtainable smart devices or IoT sensors. A prerequisite doing so development dedicated ontologies enable formalisation domain knowledge relevant particular typology. Perhaps most challenging example renovation projects. second study, part large European research project, authors propose such an ontology demonstrate application by developing digital tool context deep